The oral presentations for this session were moderated by Dr. Regina Birner from the University of Hohenheim who introduced the speakers. The first presentation was given by Kewin Bach Friis Kamelarczyk and he spoke about Indigenous and scientific knowledge. His research was focussed on local verses scientific knowledge about local forest change dynamics in the Zambian copperbelt. According to the speaker, both local knowledge and scientific findings should be integrated because they can not really be separated if success is to be achieved practically. He noted that the Zambian forest policy promotes the use of different kinds of knowledge in the management and use of forests. His research found that scientific knowledge is mostly mixed with other types of knowledge without giving actual source of information and that local people rely on nararatives which are mostly subjective perceptions based on experience and observations in the past. In most cases, he observed that these local ideas have not been documented.